What are Rock glaciers?

About Rock glaciers

• A rock glacier is a mass of rock, ice, snow, mud, and water that moves slowly down a mountain under the influence of gravity. 
• Unlike an ice glacier, rock glaciers usually have very little ice visible at the surface. 
• The rock glacier might consist of a mass of ice covered by rock debris, or it might consist of a mass of rock with interstitial ice.
• Formation:
  • Rock glaciers typically form in mountainous regions where there is a combination of permafrost, rock debris, and ice.
  • One common scenario involves a pre-existing glacier that accumulates debris and rocks as it moves.
  • Over time, if the glacier recedes or thaws, the debris-covered ice can transform into a rock glacier.
• These are classified as ‘active’ or ‘relict’ to indicate the status of permafrost within them, identified by the appearance of the rock surfaces. 
• Impacts
  • It increases the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
  • It may also make landslides more frequent with the land on the melting ice becoming loose.

Q1) What is Permafrost ?

It is a permanently frozen layer on or under Earth's surface. It consists of soil, gravel, and sand, usually bound together by ice. Permafrost usually remains at or below 0°C (32ºF) for at least two years. Permafrost can be found on land and below the ocean floor.

Source: Over 100 active permafrost structures identified in Jhelum basin, can cause catastrophic disasters in future: Study